What can be ethical issues of place/distribution?

What can be ethical issues of place/distribution? 1. Discriminatory distribution 2. Demanding unfair benefits/kickbacks/advances from retailers or...

What can be ethical issues of promotion?

What can be ethical issues of promotion? 1. Claiming inaccurate product benefits through advertising 2. Not informing the customer fully through...

What can be ethical issues of price?

What can be ethical issues of price? 1. Two or more competitors fix a price that is higher than competitive pricing 2. Charging discriminatory prices...

What can be ethical issues of product?

What can be ethical issues of product? 1. Product that can harm customers/users and/or cause health problems 2. Products that pose a safety risk...

What can be ethical issues of positioning?

What can be ethical issues of positioning? 1. Positioning a low-quality product as a high-quality product. 2. Product positioned to perform a function...

What can be used as guidelines for making ethical business decisions?

What can be used as guidelines for making ethical business decisions? Transparency Determine how you feel about others knowing what you have done Effect Determine...

What are the implications of ethics and social responsibility for the marketing mix of a company?

What are the implications of ethics and social responsibility for the marketing mix of a company? Ethics and social responsibility become particularly...

What are the three levels of social responsibility? How can society evaluate whether a company is behaving in a responsible manner or not?

What are the three levels of social responsibility? How can society evaluate whether a company is behaving in a responsible manner or not? 1. Absolute...

What is meant by Green marketing? How is it enforced?

What is meant by Green marketing? How is it enforced? The twenty-first century has been dubbed "the century of environmental awareness". Consumers,...

Can a company behave legally and still be unethical?

Can a company behave legally and still be unethical? Social responsibility refers to voluntary responsibilities that go beyond the purely economic...

What is comparative advertising?

What is comparative advertising? Refers to the type of advertising where companies directly compare themselves with their competitors, in the actual...

What is local responsiveness?

What is local responsiveness? Refers to when a company adapts its product and strategies according to local needs and requirements...

What is the Pan-European advertising strategy?

What is the Pan-European advertising strategy? Due to the broader media exposure, multiple advertising messages and brand names of the same product...

What are the steps of the communications process and how can cultural differences affect the final message received?

What are the steps of the communications process and how can cultural differences affect the final message received? 1. An information source The...

How can the communications process help an international marketer avoid problems in international advertising?

How can the communications process help an international marketer avoid problems in international advertising? A major part of international marketing...

What is sales promotion and how is it used in international marketing?

What is sales promotion and how is it used in international marketing? All marketing activities that stimulate consumer purchases and improve retailer...

What are the reasons for pattern advertising?

What are the reasons for pattern advertising? Pattern advertising refers to a global advertising strategy with a standardised basic message allowing...

What special media problems confront the international advertiser?

What special media problems confront the international advertiser? Media is basically the same in every country, but availability, cost and coverage...

How can advertisers overcome the problem of low literacy in their markets?

How can advertisers overcome the problem of low literacy in their markets? By ensuring that messages can be understood through its visuality rather...

Can advertising be standardized for all countries?

Can advertising be standardized for all countries? Yes, the basic theme, objectives, and philosophy of international advertising can be standardized;...

What are some of the major challenges confronting an international advertiser?

What are some of the major challenges confronting an international advertiser? 1. Legal and tax considerations Laws and taxes control the access to...

How can a company use a satellite TV and deal effectively with languages, different cultures and different legal systems?

How can a company use a satellite TV and deal effectively with languages, different cultures and different legal systems? The satellite TV has raised...

What is the difference between advertising strategy when a company follows a multi domestic strategy rather than a global market strategy?

What is the difference between advertising strategy when a company follows a multi domestic strategy rather than a global market strategy? A global...

How does globalization affect product development?

How does globalization affect product development? The increase in technological innovation has shortened product life cycles. Technological advances...

What is the importance of international market research?

What is the importance of international market research? It gives the firm insight to data on the prospective country and potential market segments,...

How do you configure the marketing mix globally?

How do you configure the marketing mix globally? A firm might vary aspects of its marketing mix from country to country. It should take into account...

Why and how can a firm's pricing strategy vary among countries?

Why and how can a firm's pricing strategy vary among countries? - Price discrimination Exists when consumers in different countries are charged different...

Why and how might advertising and promotional strategies vary among countries?

Why and how might advertising and promotional strategies vary among countries? - Barriers to international communication Cultural barriers A firm needs...

What channel should a firm use to reach its maximum of potential consumers?

What channel should a firm use to reach its maximum of potential consumers? The optimal strategy is determined by the relative costs and benefits...

Why and how does a firm's distribution strategy vary among countries?

Why and how does a firm's distribution strategy vary among countries? - Differences between countries Retail concentration Concentrated system →...

Why does it make sense to vary the attributes of a product from country to country?

Why does it make sense to vary the attributes of a product from country to country? Cultural differences Our culture is highly significant when...

What role do service, replacement parts and standards play in competition in foreign marketing?

What role do service, replacement parts and standards play in competition in foreign marketing? Service and replacement parts Since competition has...

What is meant by "the adequacy of a product must be considered in relation to the general environment within which it will be operated rather than solely on the basis of technical efficiency"?

What is meant by "the adequacy of a product must be considered in relation to the general environment within which it will be operated rather than solely...

What are the differences between consumer and industrial goods, and what are the implications for international marketing?

What are the differences between consumer and industrial goods, and what are the implications for international marketing? B2B refers to the industrial...

What are the benefits of retailer owned brands?

What are the benefits of retailer owned brands? 1. Provide the retailer with higher margins than manufacturers' brands 2. They receive preferential...

What is the country-of-origin effect? What factors influence consumer perceptions?

What is the country-of-origin effect? What factors influence consumer perceptions? It refers to the influence the country of manufacture can have...

How does a firm benefit from the characteristics of a brand?

How does a firm benefit from the characteristics of a brand? 1. Helps to identify goods of a seller or group of sellers 2. Differentiate one's goods...

What impact can a corporate brand have?

What impact can a corporate brand have? 1. Reduce cost 2. Give customers a sense of community 3. Provide a seal of approval 4. Create common g...

What is brand equity? Which components of a brand create competitive advantage?

What is brand equity? Which components of a brand create competitive advantage? The incremental utility or value added to a product by its brand name....

What are the factors that influence brand portfolio strategy?

What are the factors that influence brand portfolio strategy? A brand portfolio refers to when a company includes multiple brands in their brand portfolio....

What is the process of brand-strategy development and how is it used in a high-value brand?

What is the process of brand-strategy development and how is it used in a high-value brand? In order to establish a strong international brand, marketers...

What are the characteristics of a brand?

What are the characteristics of a brand? 1. Attributes Such as safety. 2. Benefits Feeling more secure with a product than another. 3. Image Brand...

What is the function of a brand?

What is the function of a brand? The brands satisfy and benefit both buyers and sellers. For buyers - to reduce 1. Search costs by helping them...

What are the elements of a brand?

What are the elements of a brand? 1. Legal instrument Mark of ownership with name, logo, and design as well as trademark. 2. Logo Name, term, symbol,...

Is Coca-Cola a global brand? Has it been adapted and why?

Is Coca-Cola a global brand? Has it been adapted and why? The success of The Coca-Cola Company revolves around five main factors; a unique and recognized...

What is self reference criterion (SRC)?

What is self reference criterion (SRC)? Refers to the ability to consider our own conditions, values and norms while evaluating other...

What are Hofstede's cultural dimensions?

What are Hofstede's cultural dimensions? 1. Masculinity vs femininity 2. Power distance 3. Uncertainty avoidance 4. Individualism vs collectiv...

Is the global environment a global issue or a national one?

Is the global environment a global issue or a national one? It is both. Countries have to take responsibility for their own actions, and this means...

Why are the 1990s called the "Decade of the Environment"?

Why are the 1990s called the "Decade of the Environment"? Since the early 2000, environmental protection is not considered an optional extra, but...

Do world trade routes bind the world together?

Do world trade routes bind the world together? Massive trading routes have been established to create a trading business that can be easily facilitated...

How do differences in people constitute bases for trade?

How do differences in people constitute bases for trade? Understanding the culture and history of countries helps to create an understanding for the...

Explain why the basis of world trade can be simply stated as the result of equalizing an imbalance in the needs and wants of society on one hand and its supply of goods on the other.

Explain why the basis of world trade can be simply stated as the result of equalizing an imbalance in the needs and wants of society on one hand and...

What are the marketing implications of rapidly growing vs stable population?

What are the marketing implications of rapidly growing vs stable population? Due to the many more people being born and entering the labor market,...

How does the shift from rural to urban areas affect international marketing?

How does the shift from rural to urban areas affect international marketing? A few decades ago, many still lived in the countryside but today, people...

What does it mean to examine the more complex effect on geography on general market characteristics, distribution systems and the state of the economy?

What does it mean to examine the more complex effect on geography on general market characteristics, distribution systems and the state of the economy? The...

Why study geography in international marketing?

Why study geography in international marketing? Geography is the study of the earth's surface, climate, continents, countries, peoples, industries...

What are the long-term prospects for industrialization of an underdeveloped country with high population growth and minimum resources?

What are the long-term prospects for industrialization of an underdeveloped country with high population growth and minimum resources? Increasing...

What are the economic and business implications of cultural change?

What are the economic and business implications of cultural change? Three important implications for international business can be drawn from differences...

How do differences in social culture influence values in business?

How do differences in social culture influence values in business? Certain aspects can fluence values in business enormously. Power distance How...

What are the business and economic implications of differences in culture?

What are the business and economic implications of differences in culture? Cultural change is dynamic, meaning it is constantly changing. Economic...

What are the forces that lead to differences in social culture?

What are the forces that lead to differences in social culture? Social structure and religion are the main factors that influence social culture....

What is meant by the culture of a society?

What is meant by the culture of a society? Values, norms, folkways and mores shared by a group of people(the society). Together they constitute a...

What is demand elasticity?

What is demand elasticity? Refers to how demand for a product changes due to minor changes in the price. High elasticity means larger changes can...

What factors influence international pricing?

What factors influence international pricing? 1. Pricing objective 2. Competition 3. Target customer 4. Pricing controls 4. Price escalati...

Which out of the four types of countertrade is the most beneficial to the seller?

Which out of the four types of countertrade is the most beneficial to the seller? The counter-purchase, as it provides the seller with more flexibility...

Why is counter trade increasing?

Why is counter trade increasing? There are a variety of reasons purchasers impose countertrade obligations on the seller. 1. The most important being...

Why do governments scrutinize transfer pricing arrangements so carefully?

Why do governments scrutinize transfer pricing arrangements so carefully? Transfer pricing refers to when a company uses selective prices for internal...

What are the alternative objectives in setting transfer prices?

What are the alternative objectives in setting transfer prices? 1. Lowering duty costs → goods shipped into high-tariff countries at minimal transfer...

In what various ways does the government set prices? Why do they engage in such activities?

In what various ways does the government set prices? Why do they engage in such activities? 1. Establishing margins, set prices and ceilings 2. Restricting...

Why has dumping become such an issue in recent years?

Why has dumping become such an issue in recent years? The growing importance of world trade to individual companies has combined with saturated domestic...

How can a marketer adjust prices to accommodate exchange-rate fluctuations?

How can a marketer adjust prices to accommodate exchange-rate fluctuations? Exchange rate fluctuations refers to how all major currencies nowadays...

Do value-added taxes discriminate against imported goods?

Do value-added taxes discriminate against imported goods? A value-added tax (VAT), known in some countries as a goods and services tax (GST), is a...

Why are companies generally not "allowed" to perform price fixing, but governments are?

Why are companies generally not "allowed" to perform price fixing, but governments are? Price fixing relates to attempts to establish/fix prices for...

How can the problem of price escalation be counteracted?

How can the problem of price escalation be counteracted? Lower the cost of goods → results in a lower cost throughout the chain, and a lower final...

What is transfer pricing?

What is transfer pricing? When a company uses selective prices for internal transactions, for example between two subsidiaries...

What is dumping?

What is dumping? An export practice, generally prohibited by laws and subject to penalties and fines, defined by some as the selling of products in...

What is price escalation?

What is price escalation? The pricing disparity in which goods are priced higher in a foreign market than in the home market (caused by added costs...

What is skimming?

What is skimming? A method of pricing, generally used for foreign markets, in which a company seeks to reach a segment of the market that is relatively...

What is parallel imports?

What is parallel imports? When products intended to be sold in one market, exclusively at a particular low price (often a government controlled low...

What are the causes of price escalation? Do they differ for exports and goods produced and sold in a foreign country?

What are the causes of price escalation? Do they differ for exports and goods produced and sold in a foreign country? Causes for price escalation...

Why is it so difficult to control consumer prices when selling overseas?

Why is it so difficult to control consumer prices when selling overseas? There are many variables which must be considered when attempting to control...

What are the causes and solutions for parallel imports and their effect on price?

What are the causes and solutions for parallel imports and their effect on price? Parallel markets occur when products are imported into a country...

What influences the market resistance towards a new product?

What influences the market resistance towards a new product? 1. The relative advantage over the old product 2. Compatibility with acceptable norms...

What are the marketing objectives of using the product life cycle?

What are the marketing objectives of using the product life cycle? 1. Create product awareness and trial 2. Maximize market share and profit while...

What are the three major components of a product?

What are the three major components of a product? 1. Its core - Product platform - Design features - Functional features 2. The packaging component -...

How are products adapted physically and culturally in foreign markets?

How are products adapted physically and culturally in foreign markets? Products can be adapted to a new culture in a variety of ways ranging from...

What are the steps to deciding on a product line when going international?

What are the steps to deciding on a product line when going international? Product line decisions, branding decisions, degree of adaptation, product...

What are the different promotional/product strategies available to an international marketer?

What are the different promotional/product strategies available to an international marketer? 1. Domestic-market-extension orientation Selling the...

How can different stages of the life cycle of a product influence the standardization/adaptation decision?

How can different stages of the life cycle of a product influence the standardization/adaptation decision? Introduction. This stage is characterized...

What is the difference between a product and a brand?

What is the difference between a product and a brand? Brand and product are two different terms, which are commonly encountered in marketing. These...

What is the issue of global vs adapted products for the international marketer?

What is the issue of global vs adapted products for the international marketer? A recurring debate exists relative to product planning and focuses...

What are the factors influencing marketing via the internet?

What are the factors influencing marketing via the internet? Culture The website and the product must be culturally neutral or adapted to fit the...

What are the six influencing factors in the choice of channel?

What are the six influencing factors in the choice of channel? Cost The costs arising from a) capital or investment of developing the channel and...

What is the key variable that affects the marketer's choice of distribution channels?

What is the key variable that affects the marketer's choice of distribution channels? The four main variables which affect the marketer's choice of...

How is distribution-channel structure affected by increasing emphasis on the government as a customer and by the existence of state trading agencies?

How is distribution-channel structure affected by increasing emphasis on the government as a customer and by the existence of state trading agencies? Marketers...

In what circumstances are trading companies likely to be used?

In what circumstances are trading companies likely to be used? Trading companies accumulate transport and distribute goods from many countries. Large,...

In what circumstances is the use of an EMC logical?

In what circumstances is the use of an EMC logical? When a firm has a relatively small international volume, or is unwilling to involve their own...

How and why are distribution channels affected when the stage of development of an economy improves?

How and why are distribution channels affected when the stage of development of an economy improves? As an economy advances, the distribution system...

How does physical distribution relate to channel policy and how do they affect one another?

How does physical distribution relate to channel policy and how do they affect one another? Selling directly to the consumer through the mail, by...

Why is the EMC sometimes called an independent export department?

Why is the EMC sometimes called an independent export department? An EMC is an export management company which is an important middleman for firms...

In what ways and to what extent do the functions of domestic middlemen differ from those of their foreign competitors?

In what ways and to what extent do the functions of domestic middlemen differ from those of their foreign competitors? 1. Domestic agent usually takes...

How does the globalisation of markets, especially in the EU, affect retail distribution?

How does the globalisation of markets, especially in the EU, affect retail distribution? There are some important trends in distribution systems that...

What are the distinguishing features of the European distribution system?

What are the distinguishing features of the European distribution system? The European distribution system used to suffer from regulations and administrative...

How can organized labor influence strategic choices in international business?

How can organized labor influence strategic choices in international business? A firm's ability to integrate and consolidate its global operations...

How and why can performance appraisal systems vary across nations?

How and why can performance appraisal systems vary across nations? Performance appraisal systems are used to evaluate the performance of managers...

How can management development and training programs increase the value of global human capital?

How can management development and training programs increase the value of global human capital? These two processes involve educating employees to...

Why do managers fail to thrive in foreign postings?

Why do managers fail to thrive in foreign postings? Expatriate failure is the premature return of an expatriate manager to his or her home country....

What are the pros and cons of different approaches to staffing policy in international business?

What are the pros and cons of different approaches to staffing policy in international business? Ethnocentric approach Key management positions are...

What is the strategic role of human resource management in international business?

What is the strategic role of human resource management in international business? People are the center of a firm's organizational architecture,...

In what ways can data be collected by companies?

In what ways can data be collected by companies? 1. Primary data Data that has been collected for the research at hand 2. Secondary data Information...

When is qualitative research more effective than quantitative?

When is qualitative research more effective than quantitative? Qualitative research is done open-ended and in-depth, with the purpose of seeking unstructured...

How is decentring used to get an accurate translation of a questionnaire?

How is decentring used to get an accurate translation of a questionnaire? Decentring is a successive iteration process of translation and retranslation...

What problems related to language and comprehension can occur when collecting primary data? How can they be overcome?

What problems related to language and comprehension can occur when collecting primary data? How can they be overcome? When collecting primary data...

What problems can occur when gathering secondary data in foreign markets?

What problems can occur when gathering secondary data in foreign markets? Secondary data is information that somebody else has collected, but that...

Why is the formulation of the research problem difficult in foreign market research?

Why is the formulation of the research problem difficult in foreign market research? At this stage, the challenge is to convert a series of business...

What are the stages of the research process and how are these affected by problems encountered due to the international dimension?

What are the stages of the research process and how are these affected by problems encountered due to the international dimension? The marketing research...